A Roman Catholic Understanding Of Justice In Health Care

Over the past hundreds of years, the Church has been involved in taking care of the health of the people.   The church has included religious men and women, and also laymen and laywomen, to ensure relevant healthcare is provided to the population.It has also utilized all the technological advancements to ensure the best medical care for the population.   It has ensured that the people serving in the healthcare sector should be disciplined, dedicated and have compassion towards the sick.The Catholic Church has provided healthcare and has given consideration to the poor and the not so well to do segments of the population.   It has also tried to improve the provision of healthcare, accessibility and upgrading the health status of the community to a higher level.In the US, the Catholic Church is one of the largest groups that provide healthcare for non-profit purposes.   It should also be noted that the Catholic Church provides healthcare to people belonging to various castes, r eligions and faiths[1].The Catholic Health Association of the US (CHAUS) was formed in the year 1915, and its basic aim was to unite all the Roman Catholic Healthcare organizations so that a common force could emerge in providing healthcare in the country[2].One of the main objectives of the Roman Catholic organizations in healthcare is to ensure that high quality services are provided right from birth until death.These services have to be provided to people belonging to various castes, faith, religions, races, ages, sex, etc.   This has ensured the people that no bias exists in providing healthcare.   Hence, people do consider the Catholic hospitals as universal and secular organizations in providing healthcare.   About 16 % of the population and about 20 % of all hospital admissions in the US is actually made into Catholic hospitals.   About 615 Catholic hospitals are existent in the US, out of a total of 5000.   70 % of these Catholic hospitals are located in urban area s, and 30 % in the rural areas.A wide range of services is provided by the Catholic hospitals, as they are interested in using the latest technological means in ensuring high quality services.   The Catholic hospitals have also given ample importance to family care, women’s health, emergency care, nursing, hospice, assisted living, residential facilities, newborn care, etc.The other sectors in which the Catholic Church has significant contributions include alcohol and drug treatment, psychiatric services, disaster management, dental care, geriatric services, HIV/AIDS services, nutrition, teenage care, etc.Another area in which the catholic hospitals have also given importance is the community health sector.   Community services in the year 2006 by all the Catholic hospitals in the US amounted to about $ 5.7 billion.These services were mainly to ensure that the public health needs were fulfilled and that the health status of the community could improve.   It is important to note that the Catholic hospitals have provided healthcare to the needy and the underprivileged segments of the population[3].[1] The Catholic Health Association of the United States (2007). Catholic Health Care in the United States, Retrieved on October 31, 2007, from the CHAUS Web site: http://www.chausa.org/NR/rdonlyres/68B7C0E5-F9AA-4106-B182-7DF0FC30A1CA/0/FACTSHEET.pdf[2] The Catholic Health Association of the United States (2007). Catholic Health Care in the United States, Retrieved on October 31, 2007, from the CHAUS Web site: http://www.chausa.org/NR/rdonlyres/68B7C0E5-F9AA-4106-B182-7DF0FC30A1CA/0/FACTSHEET.pdf[3] The Catholic Health Association of the United States (2007). Catholic Health Care in the United States, Retrieved on October 31, 2007, from the CHAUS Web site: http://www.chausa.org/NR/rdonlyres/68B7C0E5-F9AA-4106-B182-7DF0FC30A1CA/0/FACTSHEET.pdf   

Factors that need to be taken into account

Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development BY sullRun CYPCore32 Promote child and young person development CYPCore32-1 Be able to assess the development needs of children or young people and prepare a development plan. CYPCore32-1. 1 Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development. When carrying out an assessment, there are a number of important factors that have to be taken into consideration.Before recording any information, permission should be obtained from the parents/ carers of the child and possibly even the child. This permission is normally obtained when the Policies and Permissions are signed as part of the contract of care. The information recorded should be appropriately shared with the parents/carers and other professionals who are involved with the care of the child e. g. physiotherapists, occupational therapists.Paper copies of the information should be kept secure in a ockable filing cabinet whil e digital data should be stored on a removable device that can be locked away or on a cloud based system that has appropriate security measures and can only be accessed by the childminder and possibly parents/carers. Care should be taken when observing the child and their feelings should be taken into account e. g. a child might become closed if they see a camera pointing at them or they feel that the personal space is being invaded. Ethnic, cultural and language backgrounds should be taken into account e. a family might be offended if a male is observing their child; or it might be difficult to understand a child who does not have English as their primary language. A practitioner should be aware that a child who is disabled or has special requirements might not be as developmentally advanced as other children e. g. a two year old who has suffered a stroke might have difficulty in walking or might only have full function in one arm. The information recorded should be based on accura te factual data obtained from your observations.Personal opinions should not be recorded as the data could be biased and effect future planning for the child. Children should not be compared against each other as one might be more advanced in some areas then the other and vice versa. Where two people are observing the same child at the same time, the data recorded can be more accurate. Observations should take place in a variety of locations over a period of time so as much information can be gained giving a bigger picture of the child's development.

Tobacco tax

Tobacco tax: good for health, government finances Tobacco use kills over 5 million people each year and is the largest single preventable cause of premature death. l Tobacco is very costly to society through high costs to treat tobacco-induced disease or through loss of productivity as a result of the premature deaths. But governments have a tool to combat the costs of tobacco use † tobacco taxation.Higher tobacco prices decrease consumption and encourage people to quit Increasing the price of tobacco products Is the single most effective way to reduce consumption-2 Ralslng prices discourages uptake of tobacco se by young people and motivates people to quit tobacco use, while raising government revenues. 3 Numerous studies in high income countries have shown that a 10% increase in cigarette price decreases consumption by about 4%. 4 Available data indicate that consumption in low and middle income countries is even more responsive to price.For example, the estimated decreases w ould be about 5. 5% in China, 5. 2% in Mexico and 5. 4% in South Africa. 5,6,7 For tobacco products other than manufactured cigarettes, studies are comparatively rare, although similar effects have been found. 8 Price (SA rand) Packs 100 25 Real Cigarette prices (2008 base) Packs sold per capita 15 10 5 20 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 Year Inflation-adjusted cigarette prices and cigarette consumption, South Africa, 1980-2009 Higher tobacco prices save lives Decreasing consumption would translate into lives saved.The World Bank has estimated that tax increases to raise the price of cigarettes by 10% would: 00 Cut the number of smokers in the world by 42 million † 38 million of them in low to middle income countries; 00 Save 10 million lives † 9 million of them in low to middle income countries. 9 PHOTO: WBB Trust WWW. NCDALLIANCE. ORG How many lives could tobacco tax increases save? Recent economic analyses for countries with large numbers of smokers found that: in China: in Russia: Increasing tax from 40% to 68% of the retail price would: Increasing tax from 37% to 70% Increasing tax from 33% to 70% OOGenerate IJS$16. billion a year in additional tax revenue OOGenerate IJS$6. 5 billion a year in OOGenerate IJS$4. 9 billion a year in OOHelp 54. 6 million smokers to quit OOHelp 10 million smokers to quit OOHelp 5. 4 million smokers to quit oosave 13. 7 million lives12 OOSave 3. 5 million lives OOSave 1. 3 million lives14 Tobacco and poverty Those living on lower incomes are more likely to smoke, and policy makers are sometimes concerned that increasing tobacco tax will penalise people who are already living in reduced circumstances.But it is important to note that poorer smokers are also the most price sensitive † in other words, they are the most likely to quit or reduce their consumption of tobacco when taxes are increased. This has been confirmed in multiple studies. For example, when tobacco excise was increased in South Africa over s everal years in the mid to late 1990s, the largest reductions in smoking prevalence were seen among young people and low-income earners. When smokers quit, their families benefit in two ways: through improved health and through improved finances † money previously spent on tobacco products can be spent on food, education and other necessities. If policy makers are concerned about the economic impact of tobacco tax increases on low-income smokers who do not reduce their consumption, they can invest part of the added tobacco tax revenue in social spending. 13 In addition to savings to the public sector, business can also benefit from a healthier workforce, with lower absenteeism and fewer losses of skilled workers through early retirement due to illness or early death.A cost-benefit analysis in the I-JK showed that a 5% tobacco tax increase over the rate of inflation would increase government tax revenues by over IJS$814 million a year and result in wider economic benefits of ov er $440 million per year in the first five years of the policy. 18 Tobacco use is the one risk factor common to the main groups of NCDs. Accelerated implementation of the FCTC is an essential way to tackle NCDs and save lives. 1 World Health Organization (2009) WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2008.Geneva: World Health Organization. 2 World Health Organization (2004) Building blocks for tobacco control: a handbook. Geneva: World Health Organization. 3 Jha P Chaloupka F. (1999) Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington, DC: World Bank. 4 World Health Organization (2010) WHO technical manual on tobacco tax administration. Geneva: World Health Organization. 5 Hu T-w, Mao Z, Shi J, Chen W (2008) Tobacco taxation and its potential impact in China.Paris: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Tobacco tax increases benefit the economy Governments benefit directly from tobacco tax increases. Increased revenue can pay for tobacco control interventions, combating infectious isease or other priority national programmes. Countries with efficient tax systems have benefitted from substantial tax increases.

Always a Bridesmaid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Always a Bridesmaid - Essay Example As she endeavours to make sense of her life, Davenport interviews elderly women who never married and her own mother who once was much sought after. Their stories provide the hilarious part as well as the drudgery in the film. The topic is all about marriage. The documentary is told from the filmmaker's point of view. Growing 30, she is terrified of ending up alone. Working as a wedding videographer, Nina confronts her fears, all the while asking why in the first place she has complicated her life with a noncommittal boyfriend who is five years younger. She cross-examines love interests that died down, interrogates fidgeting brides, including her increasingly nervous boyfriend and gathers advice from many quarters. Coming to terms with her deeply conflicted feeling towards weddings, she feels greatly that she is meant for spinsterhood, but has a burning lust for the opposite sex. Seeing weddings now and then as a videographer only reminds her of this internal battle. This film may be analyzed using the theory of Relational Dialectics. The theory of Relational Dialectics is that of intimate communication taking place in close relationships. Baxter and Montgomery developed this theory in the late 1980's and the early 1990's. The dialectical perspective is that the partners are constantly adjusting to the presence of oppositional, relational forces (Montgomery, 1993). There are many different aspects o

Increased Labor Demand and the Equilibrium Wage Essay

Increased Labor Demand and the Equilibrium Wage - Essay Example For example, in the given scenario, that the September 11th attacks on the United States altered the perceived need for a particular type of labor, to wit, security personnel, the relevant market shift is an increase in demand. Once the demand has increased, supply and demand are no longer balanced, and the market equilibrium is disrupted. To reset this balance, wage and the value of marginal production must also increase to the point where stability is again achieved. Simply put, and assuming that supply remains unchanged, the greater the demand for a particular type of labor, the greater the marginal value of a particular worker's product, and, thus, the greater must that worker's wage be to achieve market equilibrium. It is logical that the September 11th attacks created a greater demand for security personnel. Society became much more concerned with creating safe environments at locales such as airports, in airplanes, at events where large amounts of people congregate, and at globally-recognized structures.

Perceptions of Crime in the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perceptions of Crime in the Media - Essay Example The murder of a six-year-old girl, JonBenet Ramsey, in 1996 received great attention with the media taking a close follow up with each new unfolding. The occurrence of such crimes receives great attention from many people most of whom rely on the media for information regarding the case. As such, the media is compelled to take a keen interest in the cases simultaneously ensuring that no important unfolding is left out. Additionally, the media is always on the lookout for seemingly newsworthy stories that will receive great attention from the public. Taking a look at the JonBenet case, it seems to have all the desirable ingredients to spark people’s attention. The death of a six-year-old girl by strangling is not an ordinary day to day scenario hence there lies many questions about the incident. With this increased public interest in the case, the media could not be left out as it sought to report on the case development. However, in the course of reporting on such sensitive ca ses, the media is seemingly negligent of the wellbeing of the victims. This is especially from the perspective where the media is seemingly negligent of the implications of the statements used to describe the case. For example, in JonBenet’s case, the media gave an implication that JonBenet’s family was responsible for the murder. The media reported on the growing suspicions of the parents and this took a quick turn for the family from victims to villains. The public suddenly took a different stand from sympathizing with the parents to thinking of them as the perpetrators. This sudden twist was greatly fueled by the media’s efforts to report on each unfolding oblivious of the implications presented by giving sensitive information. The Ramsey’s tried to prove their innocence in the media for a long period of time but the suspicions were seemingly far from over.

Choose an allied health profession Research Paper

Choose an allied health profession - Research Paper Example EHOs prevent, investigate, consult, and spread awareness in the community about the importance of maintaining a safe and healthy environment and avoiding health risks. EHOs display a firm understanding of risk assessment, microbiology, food science, environmental technology and science, knowledge and skills about tracing the communicable diseases and controlling them, and study and implementation of legislation associated with environment and public health. EHOs work together with the ministries of government like the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Health, businesses, local municipalities, community agencies and individual community members. The main role of an EHO is to protect the health and safety of the public. EHOs have been traditionally known as sanitary inspectors and inspectors of nuisances. Titles for this job that exist presently include public health officer, and health official. State health authorities or local governments employ t he environmental health professionals to help them enforce the standards of public health. Many EHOs are also employed in the military as well as in the private sector. Jobs related to EHOs that can be found in the advertisements include services of inspection and enforcement, investigation of communicable disease, community planning, environmental health consulting, training in the course of food safety, planning of sewage disposal system, pest control, air quality monitoring, and noise control. EHOs work in a variety of settings. For example, when they have to work as Navy Environmental Health Officers (EHOs), they are required to have a bachelor’s degree at minimum. They are required to prevent and achieve control over the diseases in the populations of Navy and Marine Corps. They are expected to conduct the investigation of ongoing diseases, identify useful methods for the assessment of health-threat, and recognize potential dangers along with developing the countermeasur es for the threats. In the job of Navy, an EHO may be â€Å"[p]roviding guidance to Commanding Officers, Operational/Joint/Coalition Force Commanders and Installation Commanders on food safety, water and wastewater safety, communicable disease control, risk communication, and epidemiological/biostatistic methods of assessing threats† (Navy, n.d.). They have to do considerable amount of fieldwork and many of them are required to travel frequently. Working hours for EHOs are long and irregular. They have to inspect the places and equipment with respect to the standards of health and safety. In the US, the National Environmental Health Association (NEHA) offers the environmental health credentials. â€Å"Founded in 1937 by practitioners who wanted to establish a standard of excellence for the profession, that standard has come to be known as the Registered Environmental Health Specialist or Registered Sanitarian (REHS/RS) credential† (NEHA, 2013). Recently, NEHA has added a computer testing along with a process of online continuing education submission. Numerous professional organizations are conducting research and contributing to the development of the EHOs and through them, the whole society. The Environmental Health Officers’ Association (EHOA) is one of such professional organizations whose objective is promotion of the environmental health and education of the public regarding the issues of

CCTV Cameras - Criminal Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CCTV Cameras - Criminal Investigation - Essay Example This paper shall discuss CCTVs and their general impact, as well as their impact on criminal investigation. An initial discussion on the use of CCTVs will first be discussed, followed by the application and implications in the use of these cameras. The use of these CCTVs for criminal investigation will then be presented, alongside a discussion on whether or not these CCTVs are advantageous or disadvantageous. Concluding remarks shall summarize and end this article. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear understanding of CCTVs and to add to future knowledge regarding CCTVs and their general applicability in criminal investigation. In 1942 Germany, the first CCTV system, which was designed by Walter Bruch, was setup by Siemens AG as a means of observing V-2 rockets (Dornberger, 1954). In the United States, CCTVs were first used in 1973 at the Times Square in New York. They were first installed as a crime deterrent; however, crimes committed in the area did not drop by much even with the presence of such cameras (Yesil, 2006). In a few years time however, the use of these cameras gradually expanded to other parts of the country, most especially the public spaces (Roberts, 2010). These cameras were also considered a cheaper alternative in crime prevention, discarding the need to increase police presence in public areas (Roberts, 2010). Businesses also realized the benefit of these cameras in terms of improved security. This technology improved throughout the years, especially with the advent of digital technology which allowed for simultaneous recording as well as time lapse or motion-only recording (Roberts, 20 10). More cameras have also been installed in schools, parks, parking lots, malls, and since the 2001 terrorist attacks, more surveillance videos have been secured in various parts of the country (Yesil,

Experiment Convenience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experiment Convenience - Assignment Example These are necessary for sound health. Cornflakes is a whole mean breakfast that can help prevent many health related issues including obesity, cancer and heart attacks since cornflakes have no cholesterol. Cornflakes are taken with milk, which is rich in proteins. This helps my body was grown and repair wore out tissue in the body. Cornflakes are also rich in almonds. Almonds help prolong life, prevent asthma and rejuvenate skin. Cornflakes are also rich in lutein which is important for eye health. The presence of iron also helps maintain acceptable levels of blood in my body. Cornflakes help keep me attentive in class since the product is rich in irons thus making my brain active. It also keeps me energized throughout the day, enabling me to carry my activities efficiently. It also enables me to save a lot as I spent less on energy drinks and rarely take junk food. It also helps keep my body healthy. This also helps me to concentrate on my studies as I rarely get sick. Cornflakes ar e also relatively easy to prepare and consume. It helps me save me time in the morning as I am going to school. It would take a lot of time to prepare a meal that is highly nutritious like cornflakes. Milk which is used together with cornflakes is readily accessible in most supermarkets. Yes. Cornflakes are low in fiber. This forces me to take cornflakes with other foods or fruits that are rich in fiber. If I were to change something about the product I would ensure that the product is rich in fiber.

The poems Half-past Two, Reports and Dear Mr. Lee Essay Example for Free

The poems Half-past Two, Reports and Dear Mr. Lee Essay Look again at the poems Half-past Two, Reports and Dear Mr. Lee. How does UA Fanthorpe create a sense of character in each poem and what does the reader learn about her view of the education system as presented in these three poems? The three poems analysed in this essay are Half-past Two, Dear Mr Lee and Reports all of which are written by UA Fanthorpe. The poems are linked to each other as they refer to the education system. The order of the poems are the least critical of the education system to the most critical. In the first poem I have selected to compare is Half-past Two. The poem follows the thoughts of a small boy, waiting in a classroom for his teacher to arrive at half-past two. The only problem is that he is unable to tell the time and so is unable to judge at what time he must leave the classroom. The minutes he waits in the classroom for his teacher to arrive, feel like eternity to the boy as hes lost in time. The poem shows the young pupils routine being broken, as he dreams of being lost in a world of confusion. The beginning of Half-past Two begins like a fairytale: Once upon in a child-like tone. The main character in the poem is the little boy. The boy is left to stay behind in the classroom as hed done Something Very Wrong. The capitilisation and repetition of the line two lines later, indicates to the reader the teachers angry tone and she was cross show the reader the feelings of the pupil being ashamed. Yet it doesnt go into detail what hed done: (I forget what it was). From the beginning of the poem it is obvious to the reader that it is written by the pupil as an adult remembering back a childhood memory, as the brackets throughout the poem show the adult perspective. As a pupil at the time he hadnt done anything serious as it had not played a significant part in his life. The use of vocabulary such as Grantime indicates to the reader its a small child. Due to the fact the little boys illiterate the spoken words sound like a single unit: Gettinguptime, timeyouwereofftime. This is represented by words being merged together as one. The little boy understands time in terms of actions or events that happened at these times and knows a lot of time for a small child: All the important times he knew. But not half-past two. The boy hadnt been taught time by his teacher, but he was too scared of being wicked to remind her. The little boy is innocent, scared and sad for what hed done and hasnt done anything serious, thus becoming the object of the readers sympathy. The clock face seems real and alive to the boy: the little eyestwo long legs for walking. As he stares at the clock the little boy thinks the clock is talking to him, as UA Fanthorpe uses onomatopoeia: But he couldnt click its language The personification of the clock symbolises how the childs imgagination starts to develop the only interesting and important object in the room indicating the boy feels very mundane: So he waited, beyond onceupona. The boy then starts to fall into a dream world like a fairytale due to the boredom he suffers, which reminds him of bedtime going to a world beyond onceupona. The boys daily routine has been broken, as there are no adults around to tell him when its time to do something. As he falls into a daze: Into the smell of old chrysanthemumsInto the air outside the window, into ever the repetition of the word into suggests the timelessness and the environment around the boy is changing and drifting as he becomes aware of every minute smells as his senses become alert. The other characters in the poem Half-past Two is the little boys teacher. The teacher comes to the little boys rescue. As when she enter there is a dramatic effect, and shes shocked when she see the little boy still in the classroom: And then, My goodness, she said The teachers disorganized, disorientated and forgetful as she scuttled about, panicking about the boy. The teacher is so busy, she cant remember what she has taught her pupils. The reader gets the impression that the teacher is young and doesnt have a lot of teaching experience being new to the field. Its ironic as she says Run along or youll be late as he doesnt know what time is. UA Fanthorpes presentation of the education system as presented in Half-past Two shows the reader how imperative time is in order to function and survive in modern day society. In the poem the importance of time is when the detention ends not when a particular event occurs. The message UA Fanthorpe is getting across to the reader about the education system is that time is crucial and that it must be taught earlier on in the school syllabus rather then a later stage in life, as a young childs sense in life is determined by routine events. The second poem is called Dear Mr Lee also written by UA Fanthorpe. The poem is written in form of a letter, by an English student expressing their love for a piece of literature by Laurie Lee. The student is writing a letter of apology, as they think they have failed an English exam yet may be proved wrong as the student seems pessimistic. The reader learns about why the student is writing the letter and the feelings and emotions of the student about failing an English exam. The beginning of the poem Dear Mr Lee is one long continuous stanza by the student whereas in Half-past Two the poem is written in short verses. The poems are both similar as in Half-past Two the short verses represent the childs short disjointed thoughts as also in Dear Mr Lee the structure of the poem follows the students thoughts like a stream of chaotic consciousness by using enjambment. The reader gets the feeling that the student is three dimensional, as even though the character is pessimistic, yet they are positive about Cider with Rosy. The student is very sarcastic about her English teacher, Mr Smart but shows maturity as she doesnt pass the blame for her failing exam. In contrast to Dear Mr Lee the vocabulary used in Half-past Two is very simple and the made-up words represent a young childs language. The reader learns that the main character in the book is an English student expressing their passion for their favourite author, Laurie Lee. The student addresses Mr. Lee is a sign of the students respect and admiration for him. The student refers to Mr. Lee as Laurie Lee as they see him as a friend: Its rude to call you Laurie, but thats how I think of you. The letter is friendly and informal yet trying to be formal in order to show respect. Other characters mentioned in the poem in Dear Mr Lee is also a teacher just like in Half-past Two. The student describes her English teacher Mr Smart as cynical and uninspiring, indicating to the reader he isnt a supporting and helpful teacher. The name Mr Smart may be an ironic nickname given by the student, yet the reader never finds out. Mr Smart is a direct contrast to Laurie Lee who is his dynamic opposite. He doesnt seem to motivate his students, which is due to the lack of enthusiasm shown by the student towards his English classes. In Half-past Two the teacher didnt mean to leave him in the classroom for that long a period of time to cruel. The teacher had genuinely forgot that she had left the poor little boy in the classroom and did everything she could to slot him back into his usual routine. Mr Smart is harsh and critical as he says to the student that anyone with her punctuation to consider poetry as a career is enough to make the angels weep. Mr Smart is only intereste d in exam results and not the subject. The presentation of the education system in Dear Mr Lee criticizes the education system, as it doesnt credit the students enthusiasm and passion for literature and English. From UA Fanthorpes poem, it indicates to the reader that education is interested in good exam results from pupils and wants a restrictive and analytical approach, which discourages a personal and intimate response from students. The student didnt enjoy studying Shakespeare, as she didnt understand what was being taught. The one book that the student was able to understand and love was the book Cider with Rosy yet when it came to the exam the student didnt much like the questions about social welfare in the rural community and the seasons as perceived by an adolescent. The exam doesnt credit the students enthusiasm and passion for the book, and so the student failed the exam. Unlike Dear Mr Lee the poem Half-past Two is less critical, as it only emphasis the necessity of time. While in Dear Mr Lee is very critical towards the education syllabus, and how the syllabus is being taught. The poems are both similar as the teacher plays a major role in the students view and thoughts. Mr. Smarts attitude towards one of his students has an affect on their motivation towards English. As a teacher Mr. Smart lacked to offer the support and passion the student required in order to appreciate and take leisure in English. The last poem I will analyse is Reports which is also written by UA Fanthorpe. The poem Reports is written from a teachers point of view unlike in Half-past Two and Dear Mr Lee which are written from the point of view of students. Out of all the poems Reports is the most critical, as the teacher shows his or her frustration towards the education system. The teacher is trying to write reports for their students yet in order to justify the truth about the students they must be politically correct. This leaves the teacher stranded and unable to write an accurate, truthful and fair report for the pupils. Due to not writing accurate reports, it leaves the teacher annoyed, as there is no more truth in the education system, which has become corrupt. The poem Reports is the most negative of the three poems, this is due to the fact there isnt one single positive comment made by the teacher. The beginning of Reports has the use of italics in order to indicate to the reader what the teacher is thinking of what to write unlike in Half-past Two where italics represent speech: Has made a sound beginning This is written in typical report style phraseology. The tone of the poem is formal from the start to the end, similar to the poem Dear Mr Lee except Reports is formal through out. The poem is written in stanzas just like in Half-past Two except they are longer showing the thoughts of the teacher are more sophisticated and more developed than the little boy in the poem Half-past Two. Using Pronouns are dangerous as the teacher doesnt want to be personal and indirect which may be considered rude. When the teacher uses the word dangerous they are using a mocking sarcastic tone, as the teacher will be in trouble for breaking a school policy. This proves to the reader that teacher and pupil relationships arent close as shown in Dear Mr Lee where teachers dont want to get personal with their students. The teacher has a very cynical view of reports, as they feel they are obligated to write what people want to hear. The teachers negativity is sensed in Dear Mr Lee as seen by the character M r. Smart. The teacher must constantly remind themself to: Be on your guard The teacher feels the report says something about the teacher and not just the pupil. The teacher must keep on thinking about what the officials want to hear yet something that will be easily understood as the teacher wants something that Should satisfy them. Near the end of the poem Reports the teacher is reminding themself why they wanted to teach in the first place. Like the teacher in Half-past Two the teacher from Reports used to think education was the most important thing in the world. Then after a few years teaching like in the poem Dear Mr Lee teachers were no longer idealistic and think they could change the world. This leads to the failure of pupils due to education. Other characters that are mentioned in Reports are Parent, child, head. In contrast to Half-past Two and Dear Mr Lee the characters mentioned in Reports arent direct and dont speak. The teacher thinks about who will read the reports and they are seen as evil as they will look for mistakes made by the teacher: Unholy trinity, will read Your scripture backwards The holy group of three becomes unholy. Through out the poem the Parent, child, head are mention by the teacher as them. Like evil, the devil will read backwards and three is seen as a magical number. The teacher doesnt want to set them any riddles which will be difficult to understand and interperate. The presentation of the education system in Reports by UA Fanthorpe compared to the other two poems is similar to the moral of Dear Mr Lee is that education is dieing because its becoming controlled and narrow. Pupils are failing because the education system is failing them similar to Reports when the student fails their exam. Yet, in Reports unlike in Half-past Two and Dear Mr Lee it indicates to the reader from the poem that people are no longer able to tell the truth and pupils have no more enthusiasm towards education like in Dear Mr Lee. The education system leads to disillusionment for both pupils, teachers and officials. The future of education will only be grave stones as death is the ultimate teacher ending with an epitaph saying: Rest in peace. From studying all three of the poems written by UA Fanthorpe it becomes obvious to the reader UA Fanthorpe doesnt agree the way education is being run through schools. The message comes across to the reader as UA Fanthorpe criticizes the education system as being corrupt and unjustified. As shown through the poem Reports UA Fanthorpe express her frustration through the teacher. UA Fanthorpe is saying that there is no longer truth and that the education system must be politically correct. My personal response to the poem is that education has become more restricted in the modern day society we are living in today. The education system syllabus concentrates more on getting the grades than getting a pleasurable response from the students. I think for students to be motivated further its imperative they get the inspiration to learn. Obviously this is no longer happening in the education syllabus. As mention in Dear Mr Lee the students passion for Laurie Lees literature, wasnt ever credited by their teacher at the time Mr Smart. The student wasnt enthusiastic about learning, so how is a student meant to progress? I felt there does need to be honesty in the education system in order for it to succeed and be efficient, Reports addressed my attention to this matter. I feel UA Fanthorpe is raising awareness about what the education system is becoming and make us aware of the issue and decide for ourselves.

Rise And Growth Of Communalism In India History Essay

Rise And Growth Of Communalism In India History Essay Introduction: Communalism is defined as a theory of a society that is divided into several small, independent communes and the state is just a confederation of these communes. It is sometimes said to put the interests of the community above the interests of the individual. This is usually only done on the principle that the community exists for the benefit of the individuals who participate in it, so the best way to serve the interests of the individual is through the interests of the community. However it has turned to take a negative meaning where people start promoting the interests of one community over another. Communalism believes that the people of different religions have different interests in political and economic matters, regardless of whether they belong to the same nation or province. It is divided into three stages: First: People having similar religion are intended to have similar area of interests. Second: No common area of interest among people of dissimilar religion. Third: People having similar interest from different religions are incompatible to each other because of hatred and fear of religions. In the Indian context it has gone on to mean divide on the basis of religion and ethnicity leading to communal violence instead of peace and brotherhood. Growth of Communalism in India: During the revolt of 1857, which is described as the first war for independence, Hindus and Muslims fought side by side united in their purpose of defeating a common enemy. The British noticed this unity and realized that their survival rested on being able to keep the people divided, for they had managed to establish their rule because politically India had been a divided country at the time of their entry. This realization led to the famous British Divide and Rule policy. Religion was supposed to be one of the best factors to divide the people. It is used as an influential mechanism to attain economic, political and other social activities. And British used religion as their weapon to divide the strength which India had as a whole.   Till 1870 the British oppressed the Muslims greatly for they held them responsible for the revolt. After 1870 the British changed colors and instead started favoring the Muslim community. The rise of nationalism had threatened the British power in India and their efforts obviously were directed to suppress it. Now an important feature of the national movement was that it took longer to spread amongst the Muslim community. As a result the early nationalists movement was made up mainly of people from the Hindu, Parsi and Christian communities. The British noticed the absence of the Muslims in this movement, and quickly began working on ensuring that they did not join the movement. The British began implementing policies too that promoted the activities of communal forces, and divided the national struggle. When the British opened up the administration of the country most positions were taken up the Hindus since the education culture had not spread to the Muslim Community making them feel left out and demand a special reservation. Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan, an earlier nationalist drifted towards Communalism. Communalism was also fostered through the writing of the Indian History. Socio-religious reform movements like Arya Samaj, Sanatan Dharam movements, Aligarh movement, Wahabi movement and some other fringe movements contributed towards communalism. Partition of Bengal: The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was made on October 16 by then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. Partition was promoted on the grounds that Bengal was a very large state with a large population causing the eastern region to under-governed. However, the actual motives behind the partition were different. The position of the Bengali Hindus would be weakened, since Muslims would now dominate in the East which led to Hindu opposition to the partition while the Muslims highly favored it. This partition was one more part of Divide and Rule policy. As the partition was in favor of Muslims they welcomed it, whereas the Hindus were not in favor of it. Due to this Hindu community launched a Swadeshi Movement by boycotting the British goods. Seeing this scenario British decided to support the Hindus, this act disturbed the Muslims. It was medium to tell the Muslims to go to their homeland. Formation of Muslim League: The growing communalism led to the Muslims forming a new political party called the Muslim League in 1906. Initially it was only confined to the educated class of Muslims. At around the same time the Indian National Congress began garnering mass support from its members and also consisted of young Muslims. Mohammed Ali Jinnah one of the major forces behind the creation of Pakistan was in fact a member of the Indian National Congress till 1920. Khilafat Movement: Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a significant Islamic movement in India during the British rule. The sultan of turkey also known as the caliph i.e. khalifa or successor of Prophet Muhammad was considered as the religious leader of the Muslims all over the world. This was first the religious political movement in India involving common Muslims. However, initially this movement was first targeted to the educated and elite Muslims only. The goals of the Khilafat Movement were: Secure the Ottoman Caliphate Turkeys territory should be protected And not letting the Muslim holy places go under the hands of Non-Muslims. The Khilafat Movement received the support of  Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru, who related his Non Cooperation Movement  with it. As major Congress leaders had joined hands with this movement the other political parties came together to support the injustice faced by the Muslims. Following were some steps taken by the movement: No involvement in the Victory celebrations Boycotting of British commodities Non-cooperation Movement with the Government. The main leaders of the Khilafat Movement were Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, famously known as the Ali brothers. They were among the leaders who used to protest from jail and their voices used to be heard through magazines and newspaper which awakened the Muslim community. The hub of this movement was Bombay, where they had their first conference wherein discussing the issues of the Movement. Jinnah, Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha: The mass popularity that the Indian National Congress was enjoying led to The Muslim League feeling increasingly sidelined. As a result the Muslim League won  only 109 from 492 reserved Muslim seats and only 4.8 percent of the overall Muslim votes  showing thereby the lack of famous assistance for the Muslim League even amongst the Muslim inhabitants. In the elections of 1937 Muslims had a good response whereas its counterpart Hindus did not have encouraging response. For example, Hindu Mahasabha had acquired only 12 seats from 175 in  Punjab. This resulted in union of the parties in order to ensure survival. This got worse in 1938 when the congress prohibited communalists from functioning within the Congress organization. Thus the congress was criticized for  preaching that Hindus were the only Nation living in  India. This led to the Hindu fundamentalists version of two nation theory. The two nation theory included Hindu Maha Sabha wherein it states that the country belongs to only Hindus and the Muslims should find their own home or should remain obedient to Hindus. And other the Muslim League wherein it states that Pakistan is the only option to protect the interest of Muslims as it has the maximum population of Muslims. After the outbreak of World War II, Viceroy Linlithgow constantly promoted the Muslim League and the  Pakistan  power was used to contradict the Congress command that the British should promise to liberate  India  after the war and as evidence of honesty, shift actual power of Government to Indians immediately. Before promising or coming to a concrete solution the British wanted an agreement between the Muslims League and the Congress organization which stated that no political settlement should be made which was offensive to the Muslims League. This agreement would give Jinnah a type of a veto power which he would use in future. Jinnah the main leader of Muslim League had a different outlook for religion and its practices. One of the major drawbacks of Jinnah was he only supported the elite Muslims whereas showing no anxiety to the low and backward Muslims. The Muslim League wanted to give all the privileges to the elite Muslims only, which was for the Muslims Landlords and Nawabs. As the Muslims were not united during the pre partition days, the aim of the Muslim League was to provoke religious passions to dedicated path. As the low caste Muslims were not given importance in the Muslim League they decided their own pathway where they from sections like North West province and South where they supported Indian National Congress. Seeing this scenario the Muslim League used violent language. Since 1870, elite Hindus like zamindars, money lenders and other leaders started an organization to provoke anti Muslims and simultaneously opposing India National Congress. Their sole purpose was to remove the Muslims from the country. For them Hindus were first Hindus and then Indians. This thought formed an organization known as Hindu Mahasabha and later was called Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Hindus Mahasabha created a false impression of patriotism by using slogans like Bharat Mata i.e. Mother India and so on, which created an impression that they wanted a country without Muslims. As according to them Hindus and Muslims were a separate Nation. Following are some common features of Hindu Communalism and Muslim Communalism Was mainly for elite members like, Landlords and Kings Was supported by British, basically was in favor of British and not against the British. Both wanted a separate nation as a whole Strongly opposed Indian National Congress Hatred for each other Politics was their backbone Followed a hierarchy system Were strongly against democratic ethics By understanding the roots of communalism we must recognize that it is neither signifies religion nor patriotism as one but it signifies wellbeing. Then the religious communities are being divided into various sections like elite class low class and language it should be realized that no religious community is uniform as communalists. These particular fault lies in both Hindu and Muslims community. The Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha deliberately did not allow the low caste to participate which made linguistic culture lines which divided their religion on the basis on caste. As a result there were three main aspects which lead to the partition of India which are: British Divide and Rule policy Muslim Communalism i.e. the Muslim League representing elite Muslim leaders, zamindars and nawabs Hindu Communalism i.e. Hindu Mahasabha or RSS representing Hindu leaders, Brahmins, money lenders Post-independence: Most communal riots prior to 1947 were rooted in the policy of British colonial rulers. But after the partition, a section of the Indian elite of both sections are also blamed for the problem. Communal problems post independence has been caused many factors, some of which are: The class division of society and the backwardness of our economy resulted in unequal and unbalanced economy. It is the upper classes of the less developed communities that have enjoyed the fruits of limited growth and have hence enjoyed the political power. In order to draw support from their own communities, these leaders have always encouraged communal feelings to strengthen their political support. If we were to take a surface view of bare facts of any communal riot in India, it would appear that the riot was caused by an incident so insignificant that we would stand amazed at how such a trifling matter could cause so much Larson, loot and murder. It however does not require much thinking to know that this incident was not the real cause of the riot. The basic cause for all communal disturbances is the communal atmosphere pervading the country and the communal tension built up between two communities. The communal atmosphere provides a ready tilled soil for communal minded people to sow seeds of communal hatred and nurture them until the bitter harvest of communal riots are reaped.